defoliate to synchronize maturity of mango leaves,
synchronize chemical floral induction too

Mature mango leaves are essential for a successful chemical floral induction particularly in the Mangifera indica (commonly known as Philippine Carabao Mango). By “mature” it means most leaves should have a dark-green to bronze-green color. When crushed by hand there’s that crispy or crunchy sound like that when eating toasted bread as if the leaf blades have become brittle.

Maturity of mango leaves does not always occur at the same time from tree to tree and even within the same tree. One tree may have both mature and immature leaves. Likewise trees in an orchard will have leaves in varying developmental stages. To an orchard owner and to the mango contractor who induces for profit, it’s annoying that not all trees could be sprayed at one time.

Back when we were active in mango contracting, I and my working partner used to tag first the sprayable trees before the actual spraying. This caused delay and additional costs, especially so because these trees are difficult to identify with mathemathical precision.

Then came paclobutrazol, a maturity enhancer for mango leaves.

Paclobutrazol (there are many brand names) is a chemical that hastens leaf maturity. It also induces a state of vegetative dormancy so that trees with mature leaves will not go into abrupt vegetative growth we call flushing.

Consequently, spraying of these trees could be deferred until others which recently flushed mature. This increases the number of trees that can be induced simultaneously.

However, issues have arisen particularly on the effect of the chemical to the vigor of mango trees.

Criticisms abound that private mango contractors take advantage of induced flushing inhibition and practice relay spraying after paclobutrazol treatment. As a result there is an impression that the trees are squeezed tightly to produce fruits without allowing them to rest and replenish nutrients through normal growth characterized by seasonal flushing.

But there's potentially another technique to induce simultaneous maturity of mango leaves worth looking into: by deliberately defoliating the trees.

Natural defoliation is considered as a survival mechanism of plants to prevent dehydration. The loss of leaves, either entirely or partially, during dry months when water is scarce serves to minimize loss of water through stomatal transpiration.

Induced defoliation, or the deliberate removal of leaves, is practiced in cotton to facilitate harvesting. In bonsai, I  do it with a pair of scissors as a disease control measure as when my pet molave (Vitex parviflora) shows plenty of fungal leaf spots. The tree quickly responds by simultaneous production of new unblemished leaves.

Why not apply to mango? I shared the thought to my business partner Efren Sioquim in 2008. Paclobutrazol was then in its infancy.

The Hypothesis

We thought that simultaneous defoliation will synchronize flushing. Consequently, simultaneous flushing will likewise synchronize maturity of mango leaves. If done on a number of trees at about the same time, these trees will likewise produce mature leaves at the same time. Therefore, these trees can be sprayed with flower inducer simultaneously.

Testing the Hypothesis

We defoliated by hand a 12-year old mango tree about 10 feet tall with young leaves at the Mango Project of the Mindanao State University in General Santos City. Just after a few days the tree produced new flushes of growth.

There’s a catch though. The technique of manual defoliation will be very laborious if applied on many trees. It would also be impossible for large trees without ladder or some kind of elevated platform.

Why not use chemical defoliant?

We did, using a nonselective contact herbicide. We wanted to induce defoliation without killing the tree and so we considered as unsafe any systemic herbicide.

We selected a tree with foliage consisting of old leaves except that one branch had immature leaves. We sprayed paraquat, a known contact herbicide which blocks photosynthesis. To avoid translocation and ensure quick effect, we sprayed at mid-morning when there was bright light. Just like that in manual defoliation, flushing ensued uniformly several days later.

Food for Thought

I wanted to conduct a replicated experiment to test other potential herbicides particularly those with mild issues. It did not happen. Hopefully, somebody else will do it if it has not been done yet.  

Will it be necessary to defoliate the trees again after harvest? And no, the potential application of induced defoliation should not be limited only to those conventional uses.

(Ben G. Bareja, May 15, 2018)

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