List of Essential Plant Nutrients for
Plant Growth and Development

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The essential plant nutrients, or essential elements, are listed in the table below. It enumerates 16 chemical elements of which the essentiality for plant growth and reproduction has been established according to the criteria formulated by D.I. Arnon and P.R. Stout in 1939. This listing has existed since 1954 with chlorine as the latest addition (cited by Hopkins 1999)

These plant nutrients are classified into various groups:

1. Major elements and trace elements. Of the 16 listed, 9 are major elements or macronutrients and 7 are trace elements or micronutrients. Major elements are those which are needed by plants for their growth and reproduction in relatively large amounts while trace elements are needed in smaller amounts compared to the former. The major elements are further subclassified into structural elements (carbon, oxygen and hydrogen), primary macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), and secondary macronutrients (calcium, sulfur, and magnesium).

2. Mineral and non-mineral nutrients. Mineral nutrients are absorbed by plants primarily in ionic form from the soil while non-mineral nutrients are absorbed either from the soil or from the atmosphere as a component of compounds. The elements numbered 4 to 16 in the list are considered mineral nutrients. The carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are considered non-mineral nutrients. They are sourced from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) which are reactants in the process of photosynthesis.

Table EE-1. List of essential elements or essential plant nutreints.

ELEMENT	ATOMIC WEIGHT	FORMS ABSORBED	RANGE OF CONCENTRATION IN DRY TISSUE*
Major Elements or Macronutrients
1. Carbon (C)	12.01	CO₂	45% (450,000 ppm)
2. Oxygen (O)	16.00	CO₂, O₂	45% (450,000 ppm)
3. Hydrogen (H)	1.01	H₂0	6% (60,000 ppm)
4. Nitrogen (N)	14.01	NO₃^-, NH₄⁺	0.5-6% (5,000-60,000 ppm)
5. Phosphorus (P)	30.97	H₂PO₄^-, HPO₄^2-	0.15-0.5% (1,500-5,000 ppm)
6. Potassium (K)	39.10	K⁺	0.8-8% (8,000-80,000 ppm)
7. Calcium (Ca)	40.08	Ca²⁺	0.1-6% (1,000-60,000 ppm)
8. Sulfur (S)	32.06	SO₄^2-	0.1-1.5% (1,000-15,000 ppm)
9. Magnesium (Mg)	24.31	Mg²⁺	0.05-1% (500-10,000 ppm)
Trace Elements or Micronutrients
10. Iron (Fe)	55.85	Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺	20-600 ppm
11. Chlorine (Cl)	35.45	Cl^-	10-80,000 ppm
12. Manganese (Mn)	54.94	Mn²⁺	10-600 ppm
13. Zinc (Zn)	65.38	Zn²⁺	10-250 ppm
14. Copper (Cu)	63.54	Cu⁺, Cu²⁺	2-50 ppm
15. Boron (B)	10.81	BO₃^3-, H₃BO₃	0.2-800 ppm
16. Molybdenum (Mo)	95.94	MoO₄^2-	0.1-10 ppm

* Modified from Epstein (1994; ppm equivalent of concentration expressed in percent (%) is supplied).

Note: Emanuel Epstein of the University of California- Davis has added nickel (Ni) into the list of essential plant nutrients (Epstein 1994).

REFERENCES

EPSTEIN E. 1994. Review: The anomaly of silicon in plant biology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:11-17. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2012 from http://www.pnas.org/content/91/1/11.full.pdf.
HOPKINS WG. 1999. Introduction to Plant Physiology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 61-76.
MOORE R, CLARK WD, VODOPICH DS. 2003. Botany. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 468-495.

(Ben G. Bareja Jan. 2013)

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